Overwriting TwentyTwelve template file with child theme template, but lower in the hierarchy

This is minimally tested– nearly untested really– but:

function force_archive_php_wpse_88824() {
  if (is_main_query() && is_archive()) {
    include (get_stylesheet_directory().'/archive.php');
    exit;
  }
}
add_action('template_redirect','force_archive_php_wpse_88824');

You are interrupting the template load process and forcing a file of your choice to be used.

Reference

http://codex.wordpress.org/Plugin_API/Action_Reference/template_redirect
http://codex.wordpress.org/Function_Reference/get_stylesheet_directory

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