Passing taxonomy id of taxonomy clicked on one page to another page

Your list of products is a list of taxonomy terms.

You can get this list with those functions:

get_terms($args) — Retrieve the terms in a given taxonomy or list of taxonomies.
get_the_terms($post, $taxonomy) — Retrieve the terms of the taxonomy that are attached to the post.

Clicking on a Product — is opening a custom taxonomy archive page.

See documentation for details.