I think W4 Internal Link Shortcode plugin is what you’re looking for:
Now you can easily embed your wordpress sites internal links (of post,
page ,category, author) in post content, page content or category
description area. Just write the appropriate shortcode, and you are
done. No need to update these links whenever you make any changes to
the real link location.
http://wordpress.org/extend/plugins/w4-internal-link-shortcode/