Problem with custom function when I go back with the browser

I’m afraid I cannot replicate your problem.

I’m uncertain as to why it is going wrong as I cannot see the loop that is being used, but a way that you could probably ensure it works is to adjust your function to accept a $post input:

//Social Media
function showSocialButtons( $post = null ) { 
    if( ! $post ){
        global $post;
    }
    //The output
}

You will need to change your functions to reflect this though. For example:

the_title();

would become

echo get_the_title( $post->ID );

or simply

echo $post->post_title;

Furthermore, it’s unlikely it’s what’s causing the trouble but I don’t think you’re using action hooks for their intended purpose. Actions in WP should be considered similar to events in javascript (but with synchronocity maintained). How you’re currently using it is a long-winded route to something the same as an argument-free function call.

In general, actions should be placed inside functions or in an important part of the script so that multiple functions can be attached to that occasion:

function showSocialMediaButtons(){
    //Some code here
    do_action( 'social_media_buttons_shown' );
}

combined with:

 add_action( 'social_media_buttons_shown', 'myFuncToDoAfterEveryShowingOfSocialMediaButtons' );

will mean that everytime

 showSocialMediaButtons();

is called,

 myFuncToDoAfterEveryShowingOfSocialMediaButtons();

will be called immediately after.

Anyway, in your situation, rather than using

//functions.php
add_action( 'show_social_buttons', 'showSocialButtons' );

and

//template.php
do_action( 'show_social_buttons' );

Just use

//template.php
showSocialButtons();

or, if you’ve changed the function to use the $post variable as an argument as I suggested above:

//template.php
$q = new WP_Query( $args );
while( $q->have_posts() ): $q->next_post(); //or however you've done your loop
    .
    .
    .
    showSocialButtons( $q->post ); //or whatever is referencing the post at this time.
    .
    .
    .
endwhile;

I hope this helps.