Query all posts of a custom taxonomy term

I believe your issue is with understanding the nature of posts’ hierarchy vs pages’ hierarchy. A page is a type of “post”. It can have hierarchical structure.

Posts, by default, do not have hierarchy. So, you would not be able to get post-parents without their children, because the system does not recognize a hierarchy. This is true unless you modify the structure with a custom function, or install a specific plugin to add hierarchical structure to Posts.

If you really need that hierarchy, you could try this StackOverflow answer to add a hierarchy. This will permit what you are trying to accomplish.