I found a solution that works! Code can be improved, but this is a start.
Put this in single.php
:
<?php /* 1. First check to see if single is in the category that is not allowed to be viewable through the single template: */
if (in_category('in-het-kort') ) {
/* 2. Do a loop to determine how many posts there are in a certain category. */
$args=array(
'cat' => 1036,
'showposts' => -1
);
$count=0;
$my_query = new WP_Query($args);
if( $my_query->have_posts() ) {
while ($my_query->have_posts()) : $my_query->the_post();
/*Find out what the offset is for the current post */
$count++;
if ( $current_post == get_the_ID() ) {
$post_offset = $count;
}
endwhile;
}
wp_reset_query();
?>
<?php /* 3. Then construct the URL to redirect to. */ ?>
<?php
$postsperpage = get_option('posts_per_page');
$cat_page_number_notrounded = $post_offset / $postsperpage;
$cat_page_number = round($cat_page_number_notrounded, 0, PHP_ROUND_HALF_UP);
$redirect_url = get_bloginfo('url').'/categorie/in-het-kort/page/'.$cat_page_number.'#post_'.get_the_ID();
?>
<?php /* 4. Then redirect the user to this URL either via Javascript... */ ?>
<script>
window.location = "<?php echo $redirect_url; ?>"
</script>
<?php /* 5. ...Or via PHP, depending on your needs. */ ?>
<?php wp_redirect($redirect_url); exit; ?>