Rename image uploads replacing “width” and “height” in filename with “medium”, “large”, “small”

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To be honest I’m a bit puzzled that all what you have tried so far is copying & pasting an answer that doesn’t solve your problem. On the other hand, you described your problem clearly. Below I outline a solution for you, take a look at the additional comments and information sources, if you really want to understand what’s happening.

Code:

// The filter runs when resizing an image to make a thumbnail or intermediate size.
add_filter( 'image_make_intermediate_size', 'wpse_123240_rename_intermediates' );
function wpse_123240_rename_intermediates( $image ) {
    // Split the $image path into directory/extension/name
    $info = pathinfo($image);
    $dir = $info['dirname'] . "https://wordpress.stackexchange.com/";
    $ext="." . $info['extension'];
    $name = wp_basename( $image, "$ext" );

    // Get image information 
    // Image edtor is used for this
    $img = wp_get_image_editor( $image );
    // Get image size, width and height
    $img_size = $img->get_size();

    // Image prefix for builtin sizes
    // Note: beware possible conflict with custom images sizes with the same width
    $widths = [];
    $size_based_img_name_prefix = '';
    foreach ( get_intermediate_image_sizes() as $_size ) {
        if ( in_array( $_size, [ 'thumbnail', 'medium', 'medium_large', 'large' ] ) ) {
            $width = get_option( "{$_size}_size_w" );
            if ( ! isset( $widths[ $width ] ) ) {
                $widths[ $width ]  = $_size;
            }
        }
    }
    if ( array_key_exists( $img_size[ 'width' ], $widths ) ) {
        $size_based_img_name_prefix = $widths[ $img_size['width'] ] . '-';
        $name_prefix = substr( $name, 0, strrpos( $name, '-' ) );
    } else {
        $name_prefix = $name;
    }

    // Build our new image name
    $new_name = $dir . $size_based_img_name_prefix . $name_prefix . $ext;

    // Rename the intermediate size
    $did_it = rename( $image, $new_name );

    // Renaming successful, return new name
    if( $did_it )
        return $new_name;

    return $image;
}

Information Sources:

Notes: untested

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