You can get the source of WordPress at http://wordpress.org for playing along.
I think at the root of your question is a misunderstanding in how WordPress works. Pages should not show the latest blog posts by default (which is what you are calling using the code sample above). By default the latest blog posts should show on the homepage of the site.
If you have changed your reading settings (Settings/Reading) to show some page on the front of the site then you also need to set a page as the ‘Blog’ page, then the latest blog posts will show there.
I think that to get complete answers to your question you’re going to have to refine it to it’s smallest bit and ask again.
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