Difference between except: and except Exception as e:

In the second you can access the attributes of the exception object: But it doesn’t catch BaseException or the system-exiting exceptions SystemExit, KeyboardInterrupt and GeneratorExit: Which a bare except does: See the Built-in Exceptions section of the docs and the Errors and Exceptions section of the tutorial for more info.

“Initializing” variables in python?

The issue is in the line – and In python, if the left hand side of the assignment operator has multiple variables, python would try to iterate the right hand side that many times and assign each iterated value to each variable sequentially. The variables grade_1, grade_2, grade_3, average need three 0.0 values to assign to each variable. You … Read more

Python: can’t assign to literal

The left hand side of the = operator needs to be a variable. What you’re doing here is telling python: “You know the number one? Set it to the inputted string.”. 1 is a literal number, not a variable. 1 is always 1, you can’t “set” it to something else. A variable is like a box in which you can store a … Read more

ValueError: unsupported pickle protocol: 3, python2 pickle can not load the file dumped by python 3 pickle?

You should write the pickled data with a lower protocol number in Python 3. Python 3 introduced a new protocol with the number 3 (and uses it as default), so switch back to a value of 2 which can be read by Python 2. Check the protocolparameter in pickle.dump. Your resulting code will look like this. There is no protocolparameter in pickle.load because pickle can determine … Read more

SyntaxError invalid token

In Python 3, leading zeros are not allowed on numbers. E.g: Etc. are not allowed, but should be written as 5 and 123 instead. In Python 2, however, the leading zero signifies that the number is an octal number (base eight), so 04 or 03 would mean 4 and 3 in octal, respectively, but 08 would be invalid as it is not a valid octal number. In Python 3, the syntax … Read more

Convert bytes to int?

Assuming you’re on at least 3.2, there’s a built in for this: int.from_bytes( bytes, byteorder, *, signed=False ) … The argument bytes must either be a bytes-like object or an iterable producing bytes. The byteorder argument determines the byte order used to represent the integer. If byteorder is “big”, the most significant byte is at the beginning of the byte array. If byteorder is “little”, the most significant byte is … Read more