How to view all ssl certificates in a bundle?

http://comments.gmane.org/gmane.comp.encryption.openssl.user/43587 suggests this one-liner: openssl crl2pkcs7 -nocrl -certfile CHAINED.pem | openssl pkcs7 -print_certs -text -noout It indeed worked for me, but I don’t understand the details so can’t say if there are any caveats. updated june 22: for openssl 1.1.1 and higher: a single-command answer can be found here serverfault.com/a/1079893 (openssl storeutl -noout -text -certs … Read more

Difference in sites-available vs sites-enabled vs conf.d directories (Nginx)?

The sites-* folders are managed by nginx_ensite and nginx_dissite. For Apache httpd users who find this with a search, the equivalents is a2ensite/a2dissite. The sites-available folder is for storing all of your vhost configurations, whether or not they’re currently enabled. The sites-enabled folder contains symlinks to files in the sites-available folder. This allows you to … Read more

What are the functional differences between .profile .bash_profile and .bashrc

.bash_profile and .bashrc are specific to bash, whereas .profile is read by many shells in the absence of their own shell-specific config files. (.profile was used by the original Bourne shell.) .bash_profile or .profile is read by login shells, along with .bashrc; subshells read only .bashrc. (Between job control and modern windowing systems, .bashrc by … Read more

How can tune MySQL for WordPress sites?

I’m facing a problem that my MySQL database is slow, so I decided to check with mysqltuner.pl, I don’t want to make any changes before I’m sure what I’m doing. I’m running MySQL 5.7 on Ubuntu 18.04 LTS server. This is a response from mysqltuner: All of my websites are running on latest version WordPress, … Read more

Hata!: SQLSTATE[HY000] [1045] Access denied for user 'divattrend_liink'@'localhost' (using password: YES)