Changing title using filter not working with argument

Maybe you can add a higher priority to your filter as the 3rd parameter of the hook:

/**
 * Modify the data
 * 
 * @param String $data
 *
 * @return String $data
 */
function change_title( $data ) {

    global $post;

    return 'Page ID ' . $data;

}
add_filter( 'the_title', 'change_title', 15 );

The default priority is 10 so it could be that a later filter is overwriting what you have.