Archive for a Taxonomy of a Custom Post type

If I am understanding you have a taxonomy that is shared across multiple post types? And you want to make a custom template for each post type using the WordPress’s templating system.
Which isn’t possible.

What you could do is add conditionals to your taxonomy-disrupt-categories.php to check what the current post type is and load different template parts depending on which post type it is.
eg:

if('disrupt-founders' == get_post_type()) {
    // disrupt-founders unique template
    get_template_part('content', 'founders');
} elseif('another-post-type' == get_post_type()) {
    // another unique template
    get_template_part('content', 'another');
} else {
    // default template
    get_template_part('default', 'default');
}

https://developer.wordpress.org/reference/functions/get_template_part/
https://developer.wordpress.org/reference/functions/get_post_type/