Main query not querying any posts in custom taxonomy template

I think the issue here is that when registering the post type, you’ve set exclude_from_search to true.

See this note from the WordPress Coedex:

Note: If you want to show the posts’s list that are associated to taxonomy’s terms, you must set exclude_from_search to false (ie : for call site_domaine/?taxonomy_slug=term_slug or site_domaine/taxonomy_slug/term_slug). If you set to true, on the taxonomy page (ex: taxonomy.php) WordPress will not find your posts and/or pagination will make 404 error…