Create Gallery using Custom Post Type and add sum gallery as sub gallery of Main Gallery

When you look at the template hierarchy, you can see that there are archive templates. There’s also

archive-{$post_type}.php

And as attachments of any kind are just a post type of the name attachment, you could in theory add a template with the filename of archive-attachment.php to your theme and have a n archive of all your attachments.

The problem mostly is:

Galleries are just all attachment posts that have the current post as post_parent.

And that means, that there is no central index of all galleries somewhere. Now you could start looping through all your posts and run a (very slow) Regex against the post content as described in this answer.