Different options per post type in WP_Query

You could use pre_get_posts to conditionally add the tax_query depending on post-type, here’s a simple example.

<?php
function wpse_377928( $the_query ){
  $post_type = $the_query->get('post_type');
  if ( 'type_a' === $post_type ) {
    $tax_query = [
        [
            'taxonomy' => 'tax-1',
            'field'    => 'term_id',
            'terms'    => array(11, 12, 13),
        ]   
    ];
  } 
  elseif ( 'type_b' === $post_type ) {
      $tax_query = [
        [
            'taxonomy' => 'tax-2',
            'field'    => 'term_id',
            'terms'    => array(21, 22, 23),
        ]   
    ];
  }

  if ( !empty( $tax_query ) ) {
      $the_query->set( 'tax_query', $tax_query );
  }

}
add_action('pre_get_posts', 'wpse_377928');