The most recent post of custom taxonomy

Because your posts_per_page has a value of -1 means return all matching query.

You should update your post_per_page to 1 and specify the order, and orderby parameters. Order the posts by date in descending order.

$featured_value_cat_query = new WP_Query( array (
    'post_type' => 'values',
    'posts_per_page' => 1,
    'orderby' => 'date', // 
    'order' => 'DESC'
    ...

You can also learn more about the WP_Query Order and OrderBy Parameters

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