Filter medias from the Media Uploader (wp.media) modal with a post meta

Simplest part is to filter attachment list. Use this code

add_filter('ajax_query_attachments_args', function($args) {
    $args['meta_query'] = array(
        array(
            'key' => 'my_image_meta',
            'value' => $some_value,
            'compare' => '='
        )
    );
    return $args;
});

However this code will filter all media library queries. You may want to pass some additional parameter from wp.media. This answer may be helpful.