Hide devices selection from customizer?

Yes. There is a customize_previewable_devices filter which is used to manage which devices are displayed here. For example, to conditionally remove the Tablet device, do:

add_filter( 'customize_previewable_devices', function( $devices ) {
    if ( ! current_user_can( 'do_something' ) ) {
        unset( $devices['tablet'] );
    }
    return $devices;
} );