How can I force URL of a custom post type archive to use a page template?

You can pass a string for has_archive. That string will be used as archive URL.

So in your registration code use:

'has_archive' => 'jobs'

From the register_post_type() declaration in WordPress core:

if ( $args->has_archive ) {
    $archive_slug = $args->has_archive === true ? $args->rewrite['slug'] : $args->has_archive;
    if ( $args->rewrite['with_front'] )
        $archive_slug = substr( $wp_rewrite->front, 1 ) . $archive_slug;
    else
        $archive_slug = $wp_rewrite->root . $archive_slug;

As you can see, has_archive is tested for a string. If it is a string, that string will be used. If it is TRUE the slug will be used. The string wins.