Yep, Oracle has temporary tables. Here is a link to an AskTom article describing them and here is the official oracle CREATE TABLE documentation.
However, in Oracle, only the data in a temporary table is temporary. The table is a regular object visible to other sessions. It is a bad practice to frequently create and drop temporary tables in Oracle.
CREATE GLOBAL TEMPORARY TABLE today_sales(order_id NUMBER) ON COMMIT PRESERVE ROWS;
Oracle 18c added private temporary tables, which are single-session in-memory objects. See the documentation for more details. Private temporary tables can be dynamically created and dropped.
CREATE PRIVATE TEMPORARY TABLE ora$ptt_today_sales AS SELECT * FROM orders WHERE order_date = SYSDATE;
Temporary tables can be useful but they are commonly abused in Oracle. They can often be avoided by combining multiple steps into a single SQL statement using inline views.