How do you query wordpress posts using a math formula between multiple meta field values?

I think the easiest way would be to create a third meta field for “score” and use the WordPress update_post_meta() function to automatically calculate its value, based on the values of assignment_value and current_grade.

Exactly how to do that has been answered well in this response: https://wordpress.stackexchange.com/a/54068/16

Once you have your third “Score” meta field, you can then do a normal wp_query() keyed and ordered off of that field.