How to update WordPress core or themes and still have my child theme hooks work

The very concept of child theme is to let your modifications remain intact when updating. You
use child theme for maintenance. But it has to be the same theme. I mean Twenty Twelve and Twenty Thirteen are not the same theme.

So basically when theme is updated you do not have to do anything. Regarding WP files updates it should not change anything unless you have hacked the core which is not recommanded.