Is it possible to apply a meta_query to one specific post type in a query with multilple post types?

You can add another array into your meta_query to include all posts from your second post type.

Given in your example, you have 2 post types

  1. events
  2. news

If you can pick a meta_key that only exists for news but doesn’t exist on events, then this set of args would return all news post types and still filter on events.

$args = array(
    'post_type' => array( 'news', 'events' ),
    'meta_key'  => 'end-date',
    'orderby'   => 'meta_value',
    'order'     => 'ASC',
    'meta_query' => array(
        array( 
          'key'   => 'end-date',
          'value' => date ( 'Ymd' ),
          'type'  => 'NUMERIC',
          'compare' => '>='
        ),
        array(
          'key'      => 'my_unique_key_for_news',
          'compare'  => 'EXISTS'
        ),
        'relation' => 'OR',
    )
);

The relation => OR is important. It says please return results that fit your end-dates that are >= today, OR all the items that match up on the key for news (which would be all news items).

This way you are getting specific about the meta_values for events, but returning all results for news, and thus the filter leaves the second post type alone.