Is there a way to expose additional fields to the Bulk Action > Edit functionality?

A quick google search yielded these results for me:

https://premium.wpmudev.org/blog/wordpresss-bulk-edit/

https://wordpress.org/plugins/custom-bulkquick-edit/

https://wordpress.org/plugins/tags/bulk-edit/

I am sure there is a way, but I do not think that there is a WP API for that (like options API or transients API, etc…). Maybe you can see what these free plugins are doing and how.

Edit:

I found the tutorials you need. Here are the links:

https://rudrastyh.com/wordpress/quick-edit-tutorial.html

https://rudrastyh.com/wordpress/bulk-edit.html