Make category page the wordpress homepage (not blog)

This happens because WordPress doesn’t have provide multi-lingual functionality by default. When you call get_category_link( 22 ), you’ll get exactly that – the link for category with the ID of 22. WordPress isn’t aware that there might be a translation for the term and it should be used instead. The multi-lingual support needs to come from somewhere, usually from a plugin, to map the given category ID to the corresponding translation’s ID.

You’ll need to refer to the documentation of the multi-lingual solution you’re using to find out how exactly the translation mapping should be done as 3rd party plugins and themes are considered of topic here. But, here is a general example how Chip’s code could be edited to support multiple languages.

function wpse121308_redirect_homepage() {
    // Check for blog posts index
    // NOT site front page, 
    // which would be is_front_page()
    if ( is_front_page() ) {
        $category_id = my_multilingual_category_id(22);
        
        wp_redirect( get_category_link( $category_id ) );
        exit();
    }
}

// Adapter function which wraps the actual translation handling function
function my_multilingual_category_id(int $term_id): int {
    // Look for the correct function to get the translated term ID
    // from the solution's documentation
    $translated_term_id = multilingual_solutions_term_translation_getter($term_id);

    // Return translated term ID, if it exists
    // use the default language term id as a fallback, if not
    return $translated_term_id ?: $term_id;
}

P.s. you’ll probably need the get a local developer to help you with the debugging (if you can’t do it yourself), if the redirect happens with any url and not just on the front page as finding the root cause might require more involvement than what is possible here on WPSE.