Need help targeting a custom post type with conditional tags

You want the first parameter ($post_type) of register_post_type() – by default this is used for the “slug“, so in your case it’s:

content-block

The name and singular-name labels you refer to are just for display purposes – see get_post_type_object() for an example.

So this should work (note I’ve not tested the rest of your advert code):

if (! is_single() || 'content-block' == get_post_type() ) {
  return $content;
}

NB: The slug in the URL doesn’t have to be $post_type, you can change it by specifying the rewrite argument (see the register_post_type() docs again for an example.)