PHP script from functions php is loaded via admin-ajax to div…and the result is 0, not the desired content

Those is_page_template call will all be false. The AJAX request is an independent request to the server from the client browser. As far as that AJAX request is concernend the page you are on is admin-ajax.php. You will need to pass a parameter with the AJAX request that you can use to determine which shortcode to run. For example:

data : ( {            
    action : 'get_left_menu()',
    runsc  : 'Business menu'
}),

Also, your AJAX action is get_left_menu(). It should be get_left_menu to match the wp_ajax_* actions.