How to tweak a plugin without preventing it from updating

Create a plugin that dequeues the javascript you don’t want, and enqueues the edited javascript.

<?php
/**
 * Plugin Name: Stackexchange Sample
 * Author: Nathan Johnson
 * Licence: GPL2+
 * Licence URI: https://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl-2.0.en.html
 * Domain Path: /languages
 * Text Domain: stackexchange-sample
 */

//* Don't access this file directly
defined( 'ABSPATH' ) or die();

add_action( 'wp_enqueue_scripts', 'wpse_106269_enqueue_scripts', 15 );
function wpse_106269_enqueue_scripts() {
  $slb = SimpleLightbox::get_instance();
  wp_dequeue_script( 'simplelightbox-call');
  wp_deregister_script( 'simplelightbox-call' );

  wp_register_script( 'simplelightbox-edit',
    plugins_url( '/simplelightbox-edit.js', __FILE__ ),
    [ 'jquery', 'simplelightbox' ], false, true);
  wp_localize_script( 'simplelightbox-edit', 'php_vars', $slb->options );
  wp_enqueue_script( 'simplelightbox-edit' );
}

EDIT: I just tested the above plugin on a fresh install and it dequeues the ‘simplelightbox-call’ javascript and enqueues the edited script.