Problem enqueuing scripts on not single posts

With a couple minor modifications, I was able to run your function with your desired outcome (sitewide except on single post/cpt pages & in admin area).

The current preferred method of returning the stylesheet uri is with the get_stylesheet_directory_uri(), not by using get_bloginfo('stylesheet_directory'):

From the WordPress Codex Function Reference page:

‘stylesheet_directory’ – Returns the stylesheet directory URL of the active theme. (Was a local path in earlier WordPress versions.) Consider using get_stylesheet_directory_uri() instead.

The hook you are using, wp_enqueue_scripts, only loads the items in the front end – not the dashboard or login screen – by default (source: WordPress Codex Plugin API Docs). Try the following modified version of your function, which worked when I tested it locally:

function my_own_scripts() {
    if (! is_single()) {
            wp_register_script ( 'my_javascript_file', get_stylesheet_directory_uri() . '/js/my_javascript_file.js', array( 'jquery' ) );
            wp_enqueue_script ( 'my_javascript_file' );
    }
}
add_action( 'wp_enqueue_scripts', 'my_own_scripts' );