You can set an array for the class of the div, and then inser the value of that variable as a class in the div. And create those classes in your stylesheet.
In your code, the_thumbnail is inside the if($i==0), so it only prints when $i==0. Then the what’s outside the if prints just titles, I can’t see where you are incrementing $i , so $i is always equals to 0.
This should work.
$i = 0;
$class = array("first-post", "posts-below");
while ( $queryObject->have_posts() ) {
$queryObject->the_post();
if ( $i == 0 ) { ?>
<div class=<?php echo $class[0]; ?>>
<a href="https://wordpress.stackexchange.com/questions/206403/<?php the_permalink(); ?>" title="<?php printf(__( 'Read %s', 'wpbx' ), wp_specialchars(get_the_title(), 1)) ?>">
<?php the_post_thumbnail('sidethumbs'); ?>
</a>
</div>
<?php
$i++;
} else { ?>
<div class=<?php echo $class[1]; ?>>
<a href="https://wordpress.stackexchange.com/questions/206403/<?php the_permalink(); ?>" title="<?php printf(__( 'Read %s', 'wpbx' ), wp_specialchars(get_the_title(), 1)) ?>">
<?php the_post_thumbnail('sidethumbs'); ?>
<?php the_title(); ?>
</a>
</div>
<?php $i++;
}
} ?>