Stylesheet version not showing in browser when adding version number to stylesheet in enqueue

It appears you’re using the Sage theme framework – presumably you’re also using Soil? One of Soil’s modules explicitly disables asset versioning – ensure that you haven’t enabled in it in your theme by way of

add_theme_support( 'soil-disable-asset-versioning' );

or

add_theme_support( 'soil', [ 'disable-asset-versioning' ] );

If Soil is not responsible it could be any number of other plugins – in particular any sort of caching/optimization plugin.