What form element names break wordpress?

You should definitely avoid the public WordPress query vars:

attachment
attachment_id
author
author_name
cat
category_name
comments_popup
day
error
feed
hour
hour
m
minute
monthnum
name
p
page_id
paged
pagename
post_parent
post_type
preview
second
static
subpost
subpost_id
tag
tag_id
tb
w
year

There’s also this list of reserved terms, inexplicably located on the register_taxonomy page, with the ones above, plus some others:

attachment
attachment_id
author
author_name
calendar
cat
category
category__and
category__in
category__not_in
category_name
comments_per_page
comments_popup
customize_messenger_channel
customized
cpage
day
debug
error
exact
feed
hour
link_category
m
minute
monthnum
more
name
nav_menu
nonce
nopaging
offset
order
orderby
p
page
page_id
paged
pagename
pb
perm
post
post__in
post__not_in
post_format
post_mime_type
post_status
post_tag
post_type
posts
posts_per_archive_page
posts_per_page
preview
robots
s
search
second
sentence
showposts
static
subpost
subpost_id
tag
tag__and
tag__in
tag__not_in
tag_id
tag_slug__and
tag_slug__in
taxonomy
tb
term
theme
type
w
withcomments
withoutcomments
year