What is the correct term for a tool that filters content based on metadata?

After additional research, the answer appears to be that the term “taxonomy” encompasses the two sorting tools most common in WordPress. Those are categories, which can be hierarchical, and tags, which cannot have a parent-child relationship.

A simple example would be a custom post type called cafes in which you might have parent categories such as districts, child categories such as neighborhoods, and various tags to describe the general atmosphere.