What is the difference between %g and %f in C?

See any reference manual, such as the man page:

f,F

The double argument is rounded and converted to decimal notation in the style [-]ddd.ddd, where the number of digits after the decimal-point character is equal to the precision specification. If the precision is missing, it is taken as 6; if the precision is explicitly zero, no decimal-point character appears. If a decimal point appears, at least one digit appears before it. (The SUSv2 does not know about F and says that character string representations for infinity and NaN may be made available. The C99 standard specifies ‘[-]inf’ or ‘[-]infinity’ for infinity, and a string starting with ‘nan’ for NaN, in the case of f conversion, and ‘[-]INF’ or ‘[-]INFINITY’ or ‘NAN*’ in the case of F conversion.)

g,G

The double argument is converted in style f or e (or F or E for G conversions). The precision specifies the number of significant digits. If the precision is missing, 6 digits are given; if the precision is zero, it is treated as 1. Style e is used if the exponent from its conversion is less than -4 or greater than or equal to the precision. Trailing zeros are removed from the fractional part of the result; a decimal point appears only if it is followed by at least one digit.

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