WP meta_query args not working in function

You’re very close to it just need to to modify your code little bit. See I’ve update code for you.

function my_super_filer_function2($query_args){
    global $post;
    $post_author = $post->post_author;
    $query_args['author'] = $post_author;
    $query_args['post_status'] = array('publish', 'future');
    $query_args['meta_query'] = array(
        array(
            'key' => 'zobrazitnatridy',
            'value' => 'Ne',
            'compare' => '!='
        )
    );
    return $query_args;
}
add_filter('my_super_filter2', 'my_super_filer_function2');