WP Query Category Atribute Not Working

Instead of get_posts, why don’t you use WP_Query instead?

I removed a few arguments because they are the default and can be omitted.

$args = array(
    'posts_per_page'   => 3,
    'category_name'    => 'blogue',
    'suppress_filters' => true,
);
$wqBlog = new WP_Query($args);

And in your HTML

<?php if( $wpBlog->have_posts() ): ?>
<section class="container"> 
<div class="cards display--flex ">
            <?php while ( $wqBlog->have_posts() ): $wpBlog->the_post(); ?>
            <div class="card">
                <?php if(has_post_thumbnail( ))  : ?>
                <div class="card__image display--flex">
                    <!--imagem -->
                    <?php the_post_thumbnail( ); ?>
                </div> <!-- imagem -->
                <?php else : ?>
                <div class="card__image__none">
                </div>
                <?php endif;?>
                <div class="card__container">
                    <p class="card__container__subtitle">
                        <?php echo get_the_date(); ?>
                    </p>

                    <h2 class="card__container__title">
                        <a href="https://wordpress.stackexchange.com/questions/350213/<?php the_permalink(); ?>">
                            <?php the_title(); ?>
                        </a>
                    </h2>
                </div>
            </div>
            <?php endwhile; wp_reset_postdata(); ?>         
        </div> 

</section>
<?php endif; ?>