WP User Query multiple AND OR query problem

I guess the search part is not working as you expect, because your search columns setup:

'search_columns' => 'user_login',

is within the meta query and therefore not active.

Move it out of the meta query part:

$user_query = WP_User_Query(
    [
        'search_columns' = [ 'user_login' ],   //<-- array of column names
        ... 
    ]
);

Otherwise the search columns will be user_login, user_url, user_email, user_nicename and display_name.

This is the generated SQL query for your current user query:

SELECT 
    DISTINCT 
    SQL_CALC_FOUND_ROWS wp_users.* 
    FROM wp_users 
    INNER JOIN wp_usermeta ON ( wp_users.ID = wp_usermeta.user_id ) 
    INNER JOIN wp_usermeta AS mt1 ON ( wp_users.ID = mt1.user_id ) 
    INNER JOIN wp_usermeta AS mt2 ON ( wp_users.ID = mt2.user_id ) 
    INNER JOIN wp_usermeta AS mt3 ON ( wp_users.ID = mt3.user_id ) 
    INNER JOIN wp_usermeta AS mt4 ON ( wp_users.ID = mt4.user_id ) 
    WHERE 1=1 
        AND 
        ( 
            ( 
                    ( wp_usermeta.meta_key = 'user_login' 
                      AND wp_usermeta.meta_value LIKE '%test%' ) 
                AND ( mt1.meta_key = 'referrer' AND mt1.meta_value="25" ) 
                AND ( mt2.meta_key = 'qualified' AND mt2.meta_value="0" ) 
            ) 
            OR 
            ( 
                    ( mt3.meta_key = 'passup' AND mt3.meta_value="26" ) 
                AND ( mt4.meta_key = 'user_login' AND mt4.meta_value LIKE '%test%' ) 
            ) 
        ) 
        AND 
        ( 
                user_login LIKE '%test%' 
            OR user_url LIKE '%test%' 
            OR user_email LIKE '%test%' 
            OR user_nicename LIKE '%test%' 
            OR display_name LIKE '%test%'
        ) 
    ORDER BY user_login ASC

where we notice the multiple OR in the search part.