How to set `tax_query` with `query->set()`

Main problem with your code is that tax_query should be an array of queries, and not a single query.

$tax_query = array(
    array(
        'taxonomy' => 'filter',
        'terms'    => array(30140, 30020, 30008, 29998, 29991, 21458,20197,11986,6614),
        'field'    => 'term_id',
        'operator' => 'NOT IN'
    )
);
$query->set( 'tax_query', $tax_query );

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