Welcome the the WordPress Stack Exchange and congrats on your first post! First off, you may not want to use query_posts() here. Second off – the_post() needs to be before the_title() as it sets up all the posts functions such as the_title(), the_permalink() etc. and queues the next post in your while loop. Your Loop should look like this:
<?php
query_posts('post_type=post');
if (have_posts()) {
while (have_posts()) { the_post();
?>
<div class="blog_post">
<h2><a href="https://wordpress.stackexchange.com/questions/172563/<?php the_permalink(); ?>"><?php the_title(); ?></a></h2>
<div class="entry_date"><?php the_time('F jS, Y') ?></div>
<?php the_content(); ?>
</div>
<?php
}
}
?>
Hopefully that helps, here’s some more information on The WordPress Loop and setting up post data.