Converting int to bytes in Python 3

From python 3.2 you can do

>>> (1024).to_bytes(2, byteorder='big')
b'\x04\x00'

https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#int.to_bytes

def int_to_bytes(x: int) -> bytes:
    return x.to_bytes((x.bit_length() + 7) // 8, 'big')
    
def int_from_bytes(xbytes: bytes) -> int:
    return int.from_bytes(xbytes, 'big')

Accordingly, x == int_from_bytes(int_to_bytes(x)). Note that the above encoding works only for unsigned (non-negative) integers.

For signed integers, the bit length is a bit more tricky to calculate:

def int_to_bytes(number: int) -> bytes:
    return number.to_bytes(length=(8 + (number + (number < 0)).bit_length()) // 8, byteorder='big', signed=True)

def int_from_bytes(binary_data: bytes) -> Optional[int]:
    return int.from_bytes(binary_data, byteorder='big', signed=True)