Display post date also if the date it’s the same for each post

Yes, if changing the_date(); to echo get_the_date();. It will display the date individually.

Because the_date() have a checking of same date or not. If it is the same date as previous post, it will output nothing. So by manually doing the output with get_the_date(), it will by pass the checking.

<div class="container-fluid p-0" id="news">
  <div class="row m-0">
<?php $news = new WP_Query( array( 'post_type' => 'post', 'category' => 'news', 'posts_per_page' => 6 ) ); ?>
<?php if( $news->have_posts() ): while( $news->have_posts() ): $news->the_post(); ?> 
    <div class="col-sm-12 col-md-4 col-lg-4 text-center p-0">
      <a class="text-decoration-none text-white stretched-link" href="https://wordpress.stackexchange.com/questions/365877/<?php the_permalink(); ?>">
        <img class="img-fluid w-100 h-100" src="<?php the_post_thumbnail_url(); ?>">
        <div class="card-img-overlay">
          <p><?php echo get_the_date(); ?></p>
          <h4 class=""><?php the_title(); ?></h4>
          <h4 class="btn btn-outline-light text-uppercase rounded-0"><?php _e('Leggi'); ?></h4>
        </div>
      </a>
      <div class="overlay position-absolute"></div>
    </div>
<?php endwhile; endif; wp_reset_postdata(); ?>
  </div>
</div>