Full size image from srcset ALWAYS used on mobile DESPITE setting size of image in editor

I messed up with my comment and can’t edit it. So, I writing as an answer instead:

This is probably (99.99%) not a WordPress issue, rather a Chrome one, something related to it’s CSS and/or image heuristics. Therefore:

  1. Maybe you will have better luck looking for help in other Stackexchange network site
  2. Maybe your pageload time and CSS rules makes Chrome algorithm/heuristics to prioritize the full image and you should tweak your CSS and speed things up
  3. Try using the thumbnail, small or medium size images in src, decreasing changes of chrome using full sizes on mobile/tablets because the default one will be small. And increasing the changes of Chrome using full images it finds in srcset only when the user is on larger screens.

Let me know if it helps you.