get post id within add_filter()

Based on your comments, it sounds like you just want a custom directory for your post type called client_gallery which is fairly straight-forward actually. The below just uses the upload_dir hook to achieve this:

/**
 * Modify Upload Directory Based on Post Type
 *
 * @param Array $dir
 *
 * @return Array $dir
 */
function wpse_247197( $dir ) {
    $request_arr    = array( 'upload-attachment', 'editpost', 'editedtag' );
    $request        = array_change_key_case( $_REQUEST, CASE_LOWER );   // WordPress uses post_id and post_ID
    $type           = null;

    // Are we where we want to be?
    if( ! ( isset( $_REQUEST['action'] ) && in_array( $_REQUEST['action'], $request_arr ) ) ) {
        return $dir;
    }

    if( isset( $request['post_id'] ) ) {            // Get Post ID
        $id = $request['post_id'];

        if( isset( $request['post_type'] ) ) {      // Get the post type if it was passed
            $type = $request['post_type'];
        } else {                                    // If not passed, get post type by ID
            $type = get_post_type( $id );
        }
    } else {                                        // If we can't get a post ID return default directory
        return $dir;
    }

    if( isset( $type, $id ) && ! empty( $type ) && ! empty( $id ) ) {

        // Here we can test our type and change the directory name etc. if we really wanted to
        if( 'product' != $type ) {
            return $dir;
        }

        $uploads     = apply_filters( "{$type}_upload_directory", "{$type}/{$id}" );        // Set our uploads URL for this type
        $dir['url']  = path_join( $dir['baseurl'], $uploads );                              // Apply the URL to the directory array
        $dir['path'] = path_join( $dir['basedir'], $uploads );                              // Apply the Path to the directory array

        error_log( print_r( $dir, 1 ) );
    }

    return $dir;
}
add_filter( 'upload_dir', 'wpse_247197' );

I’ve heavily commented the above code so should you have any questions regarding it you may ask in the comments. The idea is that whenever a user uploads to the post type itself it will get uploaded directly to the folder. This is not the case with assigning a pre-uploaded attachment media – moving the files once they’ve already been uploaded and the URLs have been set would be extremely troublesome.

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