How can I make site-wide content editable, for example footer content

There are numerous storage mechanisms in WordPress, issue mostly is you might not be making right calls which one to use until you get some practical experience with them.

Very loosely they are (from more user–facing to more developer–facing):

  • posts/page and custom posts types — for post–like content
  • widgets and sidebars they are going in — for “blocks” of things
  • post meta — for content–related data which isn’t actual primary textual content
  • options — for arbitrary key/value store

There are more, but one of these is likely what you want for starters. Note that all of them can be used in varied ways. Custom post types (CPTs) can be very different from “normal” posts.

While direct plugin recommendations are not considered in scope here, from development point of view (which happens to match your requirements pretty close), I would suggest to look at Spots plugin.