How can we pass a value from the_permalink() at WordPress?

the_permalink() only displays the URL for the current post in the loop. If you want to link to another post, you can use echo get_the_permalink( 123 );, where 123 is a post ID.

<a href="https://wordpress.stackexchange.com/questions/353261/<?php echo get_the_permalink( 123 ) ?>">

Note that the_permalink() and get_the_permalink() only get URLs for posts. If you want to get the URL for a category (or tag, or other taxonomy term) you need to use get_term_link():

<a href="https://wordpress.stackexchange.com/questions/353261/<?php echo get_term_link( 123 ) ?>">