How do I do this?: If custom post type exists, echo it, else do not

No need to be that complex, you can use the has_post_thumbnail function

    <?php if(has_post_thumbnail()): ?>
      <a href="https://wordpress.stackexchange.com/questions/35217/<?php the_permalink(); ?>"><img src="<?php bloginfo(url); ?><?php echo get_post_meta($post->ID, 'featured-image-large', true); ?>" title="<?php echo get_post_meta($post->ID, 'featured-image-title', true); ?>" /></a>

   <?php endif; ?>

et voila! =)