How to fix enqueue_styles error for a twenty-seventeen childtheme

I think you can try with this code below.

function childtheme_enqueue_styles() {
    wp_enqueue_style( 'parent-style', get_template_directory_uri() . '/style.css', array(), wp_get_theme()->parent()->get('Version') );

    wp_enqueue_style( 'child-style',
        get_stylesheet_uri(),
        array( 'parent-style' ),
        wp_get_theme()->get('Version') // Note you must provide a version into the child theme
    );
}
add_action( 'wp_enqueue_scripts', 'childtheme_enqueue_styles' );