How to get bool with `get_option()` when already registered setting with type `boolean`

The type argument is only relevant for the REST API and relatively new. If you want it to be enforced on get_option() you will need your own helper function, as you’ve noticed. This is probably for backwards compatibility reasons. I would avoid attempting to enforce this for all get_options() calls via a filter, and stick to using a helper function.

Registered settings are in the global $wp_registered_settings variable which you can retrieve with get_registered_settings(). The key of the array for your settings would be whatever you used for option_name.