How to show content of specific item on the same page?

If you don’t care about the URL of this page, you can do it without Ajax, using $_GET parameters. Take a look:

// If we have $_GET parameter in URL, we save it in $page variable. Otherwise $page will be empty.
( isset( $_GET['page'] ) ) ? $page = ( int ) $_GET['page'] : $page="";

get_header();

if ( $page != '' ) :
    // If $page variable is not empty, we get post(page) by ID
    $header_page = get_post( $page );
    // Then we can print anything we want, using this post object: title, content, custom fields, thumbnail, etc.
    echo $header_page->post_title; // Post title 
    echo apply_filters( 'the_content', $header_page->post_content ); // Post content
    echo get_post_meta( $page, 'custom_meta_key', 1 ); // Any custom field
    echo get_the_post_thumbnail ( $page, 'post-thumbnail' ); // Post thumbnail
endif; 

// Our links will look like so:
?><a href="https://wordpress.stackexchange.com/questions/202566/<?php echo $_SERVER["REQUEST_URI']; ?>?page=123">Some title</a><?php
// Here 123 is ID of page, which content we want to show.

get_footer();

When you click on such a link, you will go to the same page, but with a new parameter in the URL. For example:

http://site.ru/page -> http://site.ru/page?page=123.

But if you want to have “clean” urls, then you’ll need Ajax.

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