If I dequeue Gutenberg Stylesheet will that have any effect on WordPress 5.0.1?

You probably do not need to dequeue it if you do not use gutenberg. It should be used only with the block editor. Obviously there might be bugs, but if you are using the classic editor plugin to avoid the gutenberg **** you can open a bug report with it.

But there is nothing wrong with dequeuing it if you decide to disable gutenberg “by hand”, or you can not be bothered to wait until relevant bugs are fixed.

A notice regarding the future is probably needed here. As wordpress wants to have everything as blocks this CSS might get reused in other parts of the system in the future, therefor as always, be careful in which context you dequeue the CSS.